100 Most Important Japanese Words

Emergency

If you’re traveling to Japan, you’re going to want to know words that have to do with “emergency” situations. You don’t want to be caught off guard in a foreign country. If you’re in trouble, you need to be able to ask for some help, whether that help is finding a bathroom or getting someone who speaks English.

トイレ (toire) = Toilet. Everyone has to use the toilet at some point, so if you need help finding it, this is the word for you.

手洗い (tearai) = Bathroom. Just like toilet, but a little more all-inclusive. You can feel free to use either of these in a pinch, though.

助けて (tasukete) = HELP. Just yell this out and (maybe) someone will come to your aid… if you’re lucky.

わかりません (wakarimasen) = I don’t understand. If someone is speaking to you in Japanese and you don’t understand them (if you’re using this list, then maybe you don’t) then you can just tell them you don’t understand what they’re saying. Follow that up with “eigo, eigo” (which you’ll learn in a minute) and you’ll be golden.

やめて！ (yamete!) = Stop it! Maybe somebody is messing with you and you want them to stop (yakuza? probably not). This is what you’d want to say.

英語 (eigo) = English. Sometimes you just need someone who speaks some English. Everyone in Japan is supposed to be able to speak English, though you might have trouble finding the right person depending on where you are.

服 (fuku) = Clothes. Don’t ask… I just thought it would be terrible to lose your clothes, and with all the hot springs and perverts, you never know.

死にそう (shini sou) = Seems Like I’m Going To Die. When things get really serious, you may need to pull out all the stops.

警察 (keisatsu) = Police. If something really bad happens, these are the guys you’re going to want to ask for.

危ない (abunai) = Dangerous. You’ll see this on signs and stuff too. If someone says “abunai” to you, you should probably watch your step.

危険 (kiken) = Peril, Hazard. Basically, this is a fancier abunai. You’ll see this on signs as well.

Asking

Asking broad general questions, then using body language to tell people the rest is a really fun way to get by in a country where you don’t speak the language!

どうした？ (doushita?) = What Happened? Then again, you probably won’t understand what the person responds with, but it’s always nice to ask.

どうして？ (doushite?) = Why? You never know…

なに？ (nani) = What? Unbelievable!

時間 (jikan) = Time. Just ask this with an quizzical tone and people will get the drift.

質問 (shitsumon) = Question. Have a question? Let someone know. Couple this with “eigo! eigo!” and maybe someone who can speak some English will come to answer your shitsumon.

だれ (dare) = Who. Great in case you need to find someone.

いつ (itsu) = When. Pretty important if you’re trying to time something.

People

Sometimes you need something that has to do with a someone. You can get by without too much here.

先生 (sensei) = Teacher. If you’re a student in Japan, this one comes in handy.

会社員 (kaishain) = Employee. Good if you’re looking for an organization’s employee to ask a question, perhaps.

人 (hito) = Person. For when you need to point out a person in general.

Locations

Finding your way around can be pretty important. Here are some Japanese words that will help you do that and keep you from getting lost.

ホテル (hoteru) = Hotel. You’ll need to be able to find this if you’re traveling in Japan.

どこ (doko) = Where. Don’t know where something is? Ask where it is with this word.

空港 (kuukou) = Airport. Don’t miss your flight!

駅 (eki) = Station. Gotta catch that train!

日本 (nihon) = Japan. Good to know where you are.

大学 (daigaku) = College. Great for college students studying in Japan, or people who like colleges in general.

本屋 (honya) = Bookstore. Some bookstores are pretty sketchy, be careful!

タクシー (takushi) = Taxi. Expensive, but you can find them everywhere.

家 (uchi/ie) = Home. There’s no place like it.

Food

Oh food, how I love thee. Can’t live without it, either.

おなかすいた (onaka suita) / はらへった (hara hetta) = Hungry. Two ways to say this one. First one is more neutral, second is more casual.

食べます (tabemasu) = To Eat. Do you eat this? Yes I eat this.

食べません (tabemasen) = To Not Eat. Do you eat this? No I don’t.

飲みます (nomimasu) = To Drink. Glug Glug.

飲みません (nomimasen) = To Not Drink. I don’t drink beer, sorry.

水 (mizu) = Water. I drink water, instead, because that’s how I roll.

飲み物 (nomimono) = Drink. Not the verb, but the noun. Please get me a drink.

食べ物 (tabemono) = Food. Need food? Any food?

美味しい (oishii) = Good Tasting. If something tastes nice (or if you want to be nice), you’d say this.

不味い (mazui) = Bad Tasting. I probably wouldn’t ever say this, but just in case you need to let someone know…

レストラン (resutoran) = Restaurant. Now you need to figure out which one.

コンビニ (konbini) = Convenience Store. Great place to buy small things and food. Convenience Store food in Japan is pretty awesome.

スーパー (suupaa) = Super Market. If you need something a convenience store can’t give you.

Being Polite

You don’t want to piss people off when you’re in their country. Bad things happen if you do…

ありがとうございます (arigatougozaimasu) = Thank You. Do I even need to tell you why you should learn this? I hope not.

すみません (sumimasen) = Excuse Me. The streets can be busy, it’s nice to say excuse me when you walk through people.

ごめんなさい (gomennasai) = Sorry. If you bump into a Yakuza gang member, you might want to whip this one out.

Greetings

Hopefully you meet some nice people in your travels. Say hello (and then goodbye!) to them.

おはようございます (ohayougozaimasu) = Good Morning. A greeting for morning.

こんにちは (konnichiwa) = Good Afternoon. You can use this around noonish on to the evening.

こんばんは (konbanwa) = Good Evening. Like the other ones, but for evenings.

ではまた (dewamata) = See You Later.

また明日 (mata ashita) = See You Tomorrow.

さようなら (sayounara) = Good bye. Probably won’t see them for a while :(

おやすみなさい (oyasuminasai) = Good Night. Time for sleepy time.

Basic Verbs

Verbs will get you a long ways. You don’t have to know much else as long as you know verbs, because verbs help you to get things done.

行きます (ikimasu) = To Go.

帰ります (kaerimasu) = To Return (home).

食べます (tabemasu) = To Eat. Nom nom nom.

します (shimasu) = To Do. This is the best verb ever.

見ます (mimasu) = To See. What is it you want to see?

買います (kaimasu) = To Buy. For all of you who like shopping.

待ちます (machimasu) = To Wait.

書きます (kakimasu) = To Write. Have people write the directions down!

止まります (tomarimasu) = To Stop.

教えます (oshiemasu) = To Teach. If you’re a teacher in Japan.

話します (hanashimasu) To Speak.

Basic Adjectives

Adjectives, while not as awesome as verbs, are also very useful. They help you describe things.

新しい (atarashii) = New.

嬉しい (ureshii) = Happy.

大丈夫 (daijoubu) = Okay. As in “I’m okay!”

すごい (sugoi) = Amazing. For the sight seeing.

高い (takai) = Expensive / Tall. Just depends on the context.

大きい (ookii) = Big, Large.

小さい (chiisai) = Small.

近い (chikai) = Near. How close is it?

遠い (tooi) = Far. How far is it?

悪い (warui) = Bad.

いい (ii) = Good.

面白い (Omoshiroi) = Interesting.

楽しい (tanoshii) = Fun.

熱い (atsui) = Hot.

寒い (samui) = Cold.

上手 (jouzu) = Good At.

下手 (heta) = Bad At.

赤 (aka) = Red.

青 (ao) = Blue.

黒 (kuro) = Black.

緑 (midori) = Green.

黄色 (kiiro) = Yellow.

白 (shiro) = White.

馬鹿 (baka) = Stupid! I bet you knew this one already.

Numbers

一 (ichi) = One.

二 (ni) = Two.

三 (san) = Three.

四 (shi/yon) = Four. Such an unlucky number!

五 (go) = Five. Good way to remember the first five numbers: “Itchy knee! Son, She go!” Imagine that playing out…

六 (roku) = Six.

七 (shichi) = Seven. Also kinda unlucky.

八 (hachi) = Eight.

九 (ku) = Nine.

十 (juu) = Ten.

百 (hyaku) = 100.

千 (sen) = 1,000.

万 (man) = 10,000.

円 (en) = Yen. Not really a number, but goes nicely with the numbers, I think.

History of Japan

A knowledge of its history is essential. The following pages present the most general facts of Japanese history.

Periods of Japanese History

Early Japan until 710 Nara and Heian Periods 710-1192 Kamakura Period 1192-1333 Muromachi Period 1338-1573 Azuchi-Momoyama Period 1573-1603 Edo Period 1603-1868 Meiji Period 1868-1912 Taisho and Early Showa Period 1912-1945 Postwar Period since 1945

Pre-Historic Japan

During the Jomon period,   began around 10,000 BC, inhabitants of Japan lived by fishing, hunting, and gathering. The period is named after the cord-markings –jomon on pottery they produced. In the Yayoi period,  the beginning around 300 BC, Great Rice cultivation was introduced from the Korean Peninsula. An account of Japan in a Chineese Historical documents of the third century AD describes a queen named Himiko ruling over a country called Yamatai.

Kofun Period (ca. AD 300-710) - In the fourth century, ancestors of the present imperial family established Japan's first unified state under what is known as the Yamato court. During this period, manufactured articles, weapons, and agricultural tools were introduced from China and Korea. The period is named after the huge mounded tombs (KOFUN) that were built for the political elite. These tombs were often surrounded with clay cylinders and figurines called HANIWA.

Nara Period (710-794) - A centralized government, with its capital in what is now the city of Nara, was established under a Chinese-style system of law codes known as the RITSURYO system. Buddhism became the national religion, and Buddhist art and architecture flourished. Provincial temples called KOKUBUNJI were set up throughout Japan. It was during this period that the Great Buddha at the TODAIJI temple in Nara was built. Histories of Japan, such as KOJIKI and Nihon SHOKI were compiled, as was the celebrated collection of poetry called MAN'YOSHU.

Heian Period (794-1185) - After the capital moved to what is now Kyoto, certain noble families,especially the Fujiwara family, gained control of the government, ruling on behalf of the emperor. The Chinese-style culture that had dominated the Nara period was gradually replaced by a more indigenous style of culture closer to the lives of the people and their natural surroundings. The palaces of the emperor and the residences of the noble families incorporated beautiful gardens, with buildings in the shinden-zukuri style of architecture. Literary masterpieces such as MURASAKI SHIKIBU'S The Tale of GENJI and SEI SHONAGON'S Pillow Book were written during this period.

Kamakura Period (1185-1333)- The TAIRA family, a warrior family that had come to dominate the imperial court in the late Heian period, was overthrown by the MINAMOTO family. MINAMOTO no YORITOMO was given the title of shogun by the court, and he set up a military-style government at Kamakura - the KAMAKURA SHOGUNATE - ushering in a period of de facto rule by members of the warrior class. In the arts, a vigorous, realistic style emerged that was in keeping with the warrior spirit. The statues of fierce guardian deities by Unkei and other sculptors at the Southern Great Gate of TODAIJI Temple are examples of this powerful, realistic style. In literature, this period is noted for military tales such as the Tale of the Heike,   celebrated the exploits of the warriors.

Muromachi Period (1333-1568) - The beginning of this period was dominated by a political standoff between Emperor Go-Daigo, who had briefly restored control of the government to the imperial court, and his former supporter Ashikaga TAKAUJI, who had overthrown the KAMAKURA SHOGUNATE but had then gone on to establish the MUROMACHI SHOGUNATE. In time the shogunate weakened, losing its centralized control over local warlords; the latter part of this period is referred to as the Sengoku period - a period of "warring states." More plebeian forms of culture began to emerge as the merchant class and the peasants managed to improve their circumstances. In the arts this was a period of Chinese-style ink painting, and in theater Noh drama and kyogen came to the fore. This was also the period in   the pursuits of tea ceremony and flower arrangement were born. In architecture, an important development was the shoin-zukuri style, with elegant tatami-matted rooms, featuring an alcove where paintings were hung.

Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1568-1600) - The nation was reunified by Oda Nobunaga and TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI (foremost among the Sengoku warlords) who respectively ruled it briefly. In the arts, this was a period of increased contact with Europeans, who had begun to visit Japan earlier in the century. In place of the Buddhist influence of earlier periods, a lavishly ornate decorative style was developed at the hands of the warlords and the emerging merchant classes in the towns,  New style reached its height in NOBUNAGA'S AZUCHI CASTLE and HIDEYOSHI'S MOMOYAMA and OSAKA castles. At this time the tea master SEN no RIKYU developed the tea ceremony into an esthetic discipline that is known as the Way of Tea.

Edo Period (1600-1868) - Tokugawa Ieyasu, who defeated other vassals of the deceased TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI at the BATTLE OF SEKIGAHARA and thereby gained control of Japan, established the Tokugawa Shogunate in Edo (now Tokyo). The Tokugawa shoguns ruled Japan for over 260 years, and for some 200 of these years the country was virtually shut off from foreign contact by the shogunate's policy of national seclusion. From the end of the 17th century through the beginning of the 18th century, a colorful, down-to-earth new culture developed among the townsmen of the older cities of Kyoto and OSAKA. Ihara SAIKAKU composed his Ukiyo-Zoshi (books of the "floating world"), By the Bunka and BUNSEI eras, at the beginning of the 19th century, this new merchant-class form of culture was also flourishing in the Shogunal capital of Edo. The kabuki drama was in its heyday. The printing of books had become an industry. The art of the woodblock print was born, with SHARAKU producing his portraits of actors, UTAMARO his pictures of beautiful women, and Hokusai and Hiroshige their landscapes.

Meiji Period (1868-1912) – GREAT PERIOD BEGINS

The Meiji Restoration, by   political authority was restored from the SHOGUNATE to the imperial court, ushered in a period of far-reaching reform. The policy of national seclusion was rescinded, and the culture and civilization of the West began to pervade every aspect of Japanese life. Japan's victories in the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars enabled it to assume the stance of a modern, imperialistic world power. Modern Japanese literature was born with the publication of FUTABATEI SHIMEI'S novel UKIGUMO, the first literary work to be written in the modern colloquial language. A Japanese version of romanticism soon appeared, with writers making their first attempts at free, natural expression of people's true feelings.

Taisho Period (1912-1926) - The educated urban middle classes avidly read the latest translations of Western books and provided the audience for new experiments in literature, drama, music, and painting. New kings of mass media - large circulation newspapers, general monthly magazines like Chuo koron (The Central Review) and Kaizo, and radio broadcasts - added to the richness of cultural life. The significant development in literature was the emergence of the Shirakaba school. Members of the group including Mushanokoji Saneatsu and Shiga Naoya were united by their upper- class background as well as by their basic humanism. In the Western-style of painting, Yasui Sotaro and Umehara Ryuzaburo returned from Paris to promote the styles of Cezanne and Renoir. Japanese-style painters such as Yokoyama Taikan and Hishida Shunso were also affected by European styles, although on a limited scale.

Showa Period (1926-1989) - Heisei Period (1989 to present)

The financial crisis of 1927, occurred in the aftermath of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 that devastated the Tokyo area, eventually led to a long period of economic depression. In these circumstances, the power of the military increased, and it eventually gained control of the government. The Manchurian Incident of 1931 launched a series of events that culminated in Japan's entry into World War II. This war ended in Japan's defeat, with Emperor Showa accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration. Japan rose from the rubble of defeat, going on to achieve an almost miraculous economic recovery,   has allowed it to take its place among the world's leading democratic powers.